Low* core libraries¶

The memory model¶

Beyond the language subset, one defining component of Low* is how it models the C memory.

module ST = FStar.HyperStack.ST
module HS = FStar.HyperStack

let root: HS.rid = HS.roo

let _ =
  HS.root_is_not_freeable ();
  assert (ST.is_eternal_region root /\ ~ (Monotonic.HyperStack.is_stack_region root))

effect Stack (a:Type) (pre: ST.st_pre) (post: (m0: HS.mem -> Tot (ST.st_post' a (pre m0)))) =
  STATE a
    (fun (p: ST.st_post a) (h: HS.mem) ->
      pre h /\ (forall a h1. (pre h /\ post h a h1 /\ ST.equal_domains h h1) ==> p a h1))

let equal_domains (m0 m1: HS.mem) =
  (HS.get_tip m0) == (HS.get_tip m1) /\
  Set.equal (Map.domain (HS.get_hmap m0)) (Map.domain (HS.get_hmap m1)) /\
  ST.same_refs_in_all_regions m0 m1

let f (x: UInt32.t): Stack UInt32.t (fun _ -> True) (fun _ _ _ -> True) =
  FStar.UInt32.( x *%^ x )

[@ expect_failure ]
let g (): Stack unit (fun _ -> True) (fun _ _ _ -> True) =
  let b = B.alloca 0ul 8ul in
  ()

[@ expect_failure ]
let g2 (): Stack unit (fun _ -> True) (fun _ _ _ -> True) =
  push_frame ();
  let b = B.alloca 0ul 8ul in
  ()

let g3 (): Stack unit (fun _ -> True) (fun _ _ _ -> True) =
  push_frame ();
  let b = B.alloca 0ul 8ul in
  pop_frame ();
  ()

void g3()
{
  uint32_t b[8U] = { 0U };
}

let g4 (): ST unit (fun _ -> True) (fun _ _ _ -> True) =
  push_frame ();
  let b = B.malloc HS.root 0ul 8ul in
  pop_frame ();
  ()

effect St (a:Type) = ST a (fun _ -> True) (fun _ _ _ -> True)

let test_st_get (): St unit =
  push_frame ();
  let m = ST.get () in
  assert (Monotonic.HyperStack.is_stack_region (HS.get_tip m));
  pop_frame ()

Machine integers¶

Machine integers are modeled as natural numbers that fit within a certain number of bits. This model is dropped by KaRaMeL, in favor of C’s fixed-width types.

Fixed-width integers are found in FStar.UInt{16,32,64,128}.fst and FStar.Int{16,32,64,128}. The FStar.Int.Cast.Full.fst module offers conversion functions between these integer types.

Machine integers offer the classic set of arithmetic operations. Like in C, unsigned integers have wraparound overflow semantics, exposed via the add_mod function. Signed integers offer no such function. Other undefined behaviors of C are ruled out at the F* level, such as shifting an integer by the bit width.

Machine integers modules also define operators, suffixed with ^. For instance, the + operation for UInt32 is +^. Wraparound variants have an extra % character, such as +%^, when available.

Operators follow the standard precedence rules of F*, which are outlined on its wiki. Operators are resolved in the current scope; we recommend the use of module abbreviations and the let-open notation M.( ... ).

module U32 = FStar.UInt32

let z = U32.(16ul -^ 8ul )

Machine integers can be reflected as natural numbers of type nat using the v function. It is generally more convenient to perform proofs on natural numbers.

let test_v (): unit =
  let x = 0ul in
  assert (U32.v x = 0)

The buffer library¶

LowStar.Buffer is the workhorse of Low*, and allows modeling C arrays on the stack and in the heap. LowStar.Buffer models C arrays as follows:

let lseq (a: Type) (l: nat) : Type =
  (s: Seq.seq a { Seq.length s == l } )

noeq
type buffer (a:Type) =
  | MkBuffer: max_length:UInt32.t
    -> content:reference (lseq a (U32.v max_length))
    -> idx:UInt32.t
    -> length:UInt32.t{U32.(v idx + v length <= v max_length)}
    -> buffer a

In other words, buffers are modeled as a reference to a sequence, along with a starting index idx, and a length, which captures how much of an allocation slice one is currently pointing to.

This is a model: at compilation-time, KaRaMeL implements buffers using C arrays.

The length is available in ghost (proof) code only: just like in C, one cannot compute the length of a buffer at run-time. Therefore, a typical pattern is to use refinements to tie together a buffer and its length, as we saw with the initial memcpy example.

let do_something (x: B.buffer UInt64.t) (l: U32.t { U32.v l = B.length x }): St unit =
  ()

Allocating a buffer on the stack is done using the alloca function, which takes an initial value and a length. alloca requires that the top of the stack be a valid stack frame.

let test_alloc_stack (): Stack unit (fun _ -> True) (fun _ _ _ -> True) =
  push_frame ();
  let b = B.alloca 0UL 8ul in
  pop_frame ();
  ()

Allocating a buffer on the heap is done using the malloc function, which takes a region, an initial value and a length. The region is purely for proof and separation purposes, and has no effect on the generated code. A buffer created with malloc can be freed with free.

let test_alloc (): St unit =
  let b = B.malloc HS.root 0UL 8ul in
  B.free b

Pointer arithmetic is performed by the means of the sub function. Under the hood, the sub function returns a buffer that points to the same underlying reference, but has different idx and length fields.

let test_sub (): St unit =
  let b = B.malloc HS.root 0UL 8ul in
  let b_l = B.sub b 0ul 4ul in // idx = 0; length = 4
  let b_r = B.sub b 4ul 4ul in // idx = 4; length = 4
  B.free b

Just like in C, one can only free the base pointer, i.e. this is an error:

[@ expect_failure ]
let test_sub_error (): St unit =
  let b = B.malloc HS.root 0UL 8ul in
  let b_l = B.sub b 0ul 4ul in // idx = 0; length = 4
  B.free b_l

Reading and modifying a buffer is performed by means of the index and upd functions. These are exposed as the .() and .()<- operators respectively, defined in LowStar.BufferOps. This latter module module only contains those operators, and is meant to be used with open to bring operators into scope without further polluting the context with any definition from LowStar.Buffer.

let test_index (): St unit =
  let b = B.malloc HS.root 0UL 8ul in
  b.(0ul) <- UInt64.add_mod b.(0ul) b.(0ul);
  B.free b

Buffers are reflected at the proof level using sequences, via the as_seq function, which returns the contents of a given buffer in a given heap, i.e. a sequence slice ranging over the interval [idx; idx + length).

let test_as_seq (): St unit =
  let b = B.malloc HS.root 0UL 1ul in
  let h = ST.get () in
  assert (Seq.equal (B.as_seq h b) (Seq.cons 0UL Seq.createEmpty));
  B.free b

B.get is an often-convenient shorthand to index the value of a given buffer in a given heap.

let test_get (): St unit =
  let b = B.malloc HS.root 0UL 1ul in
  let h = ST.get () in
  assert (B.get h b 0 = 0UL);
  B.free b

C NULL pointers

LowStar.Buffer also exposes a model of the C NULL pointer, null – this is what you should use if you need zero-length buffers. The NULL pointer is always live, and always has length 0. The pointer and pointer_or_null functions define convenient aliases, while the (!*) operator (defined in LowStar.BufferOps) guarantees that the dereference will be pretty-printed with a * C dereference, as opposed to an access at array index 0. Pointers can always be tested for nullity via the is_null p function, which is guaranteed to be pretty-printed as p != NULL.

The modifies clauses library¶

The current heap model of F* is based on a select-update theory: the heap is reflected as a map, allocation adds a key in the map, assignment updates the map, and reading selects from the map.

Proving properties of programs therefore requires the programmer to reason about the heap model. However, stating precise post-conditions that refer to a particular heap after a particular update does not scale up to large programs: we want to reason abstractly about modifications, and use a library of composable predicates that allow one to generically reason about a given modification to the heap.

This is where the LowStar.Modifies library comes in handy. The modifies clauses library allows one to reason about allocation, de-allocation, modifications using a single unified modifies clause. An abstract notion of a memory location allows composing predicates, and deriving properties such as: “if I modify a location l1 disjoint from l2, then the contents of the memory at address l2 remain unchanged”.

Abstract memory locations

The LowStar.Modifies library abstracts over memory locations. Memory locations have type loc. Locations form a monoid, where loc_none is the empty location and loc_union combines two location to form the union of the two.

Several injections exist to create locations; for now, we will mostly use loc_buffer, which injects a LowStar.Buffer.t into an abstract location.

Inclusion and disjointness

The LowStar.Modifies module provides an inclusion relation, via loc_includes. This allows the programmer to state, for instance, that the location of a stack-allocated buffer is included in its stack frame.

Perhaps more useful is the loc_disjoint predicates, which allows the programmer to state that two memory locations do not overlap.

The modifies clause

The modifies clause is of the form modifies l h0 h1 where l is an abstract memory location, h0 is the initial heap and h1 is the resulting heap. Here is an example:

module M = LowStar.Modifies

let example_modifies_callee (b1 b2: B.buffer UInt32.t) : Stack unit
  (requires (fun h -> B.live h b1 /\ B.live h b2 /\ B.length b1 == 1 /\ B.length b2 == 1 /\ B.disjoint b1 b2))
  (ensures (fun h _ h' ->
    M.modifies (M.loc_union (M.loc_buffer b1) (M.loc_buffer b2)) h h' /\
    B.live h' b1 /\ B.live h' b2 /\
    B.get h' b1 0 == 18ul /\ B.get h' b2 0 == 42ul
  ))
= b2.(0ul) <- 42ul;
  b1.(0ul) <- 18ul

The pre- and post-conditions of the example_modifies_callee function state that, if b1 and b2 are two disjoint live buffers of length 1, then example_modifies changes their contents to 18ul and 42ul, respectively. In itself, the modifies clause tells nothing, but it starts becoming useful when the example_modifies_callee function is called by another function:

let example_modifies_caller (b0: B.buffer UInt32.t) : Stack unit
  (requires (fun h -> B.live h b0 /\ B.length b0 == 3))
  (ensures (fun h _ h' ->
    M.modifies (M.loc_buffer b0) h h' /\
    B.live h' b0 /\
    B.get h' b0 0 == B.get h b0 0
  ))
= let b1 = B.sub b0 1ul 1ul in
  let b2 = B.sub b0 2ul 1ul in
  example_modifies_callee b1 b2;
  assert (forall h . B.get h b0 0 == B.get h (B.gsub b0 0ul 1ul) 0)

This function takes a buffer b0 of length 3, and from it, extracts two disjoint buffers, b1 and b2, as the sub-buffers of b0 of length 1 at offsets 1 and 2, respectively. Since they are both live and disjoint, they can then be passed to example_modifies_callee. Then, the post-condition of example_modifies_caller about the contents of the cell of b0 at offset 0 is due to the fact that that cell of b0 is disjoint from both b1 and b2 (because it is the cell of the sub-buffer of b0 at offset 0, as suggested by the assert), and so, by virtue of the modifies clause of example_modifies_callee, its value is preserved.